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Stack in Python

A stack is a linear data structure that stores items in a Last-In/First-Out (LIFO) or First-In/Last-Out (FILO) manner. In stack, a new element is added at one end and an element is removed from that end only. The insert and delete operations are often called push and pop.

Stack in python

The functions associated with stack are:

Implementation:

There are various ways from which a stack can be implemented in Python. This article covers the implementation of a stack using data structures and modules from the Python library. 
Stack in Python can be implemented using the following ways: 

Implementation using list:

Python's built-in data structure list can be used as a stack. Instead of push(), append() is used to add elements to the top of the stack while pop() removes the element in LIFO order. 
Unfortunately, the list has a few shortcomings. The biggest issue is that it can run into speed issues as it grows. The items in the list are stored next to each other in memory, if the stack grows bigger than the block of memory that currently holds it, then Python needs to do some memory allocations. This can lead to some append() calls taking much longer than other ones.

# Python program to
# demonstrate stack implementation
# using list

stack = []

# append() function to push
# element in the stack
stack.append('a')
stack.append('b')
stack.append('c')

print('Initial stack')
print(stack)

# pop() function to pop
# element from stack in
# LIFO order
print('\nElements popped from stack:')
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())

print('\nStack after elements are popped:')
print(stack)

# uncommenting print(stack.pop())
# will cause an IndexError
# as the stack is now empty

Output
Initial stack
['a', 'b', 'c']

Elements popped from stack:
c
b
a

Stack after elements are popped:
[]

Implementation using collections.deque:

Python stack can be implemented using the deque class from the collections module. Deque is preferred over the list in the cases where we need quicker append and pop operations from both the ends of the container, as deque provides an O(1) time complexity for append and pop operations as compared to list which provides O(n) time complexity. 

 

The same methods on deque as seen in the list are used, append() and pop().

# Python program to
# demonstrate stack implementation
# using collections.deque

from collections import deque

stack = deque()

# append() function to push
# element in the stack
stack.append('a')
stack.append('b')
stack.append('c')

print('Initial stack:')
print(stack)

# pop() function to pop
# element from stack in
# LIFO order
print('\nElements popped from stack:')
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())

print('\nStack after elements are popped:')
print(stack)

# uncommenting print(stack.pop())
# will cause an IndexError
# as the stack is now empty

Output
Initial stack:
deque(['a', 'b', 'c'])

Elements popped from stack:
c
b
a

Stack after elements are popped:
deque([])

Implementation using queue module

Queue module also has a LIFO Queue, which is basically a Stack. Data is inserted into Queue using the put() function and get() takes data out from the Queue. 

There are various functions available in this module: 

# Python program to
# demonstrate stack implementation
# using queue module

from queue import LifoQueue

# Initializing a stack
stack = LifoQueue(maxsize=3)

# qsize() show the number of elements
# in the stack
print(stack.qsize())

# put() function to push
# element in the stack
stack.put('a')
stack.put('b')
stack.put('c')

print("Full: ", stack.full())
print("Size: ", stack.qsize())

# get() function to pop
# element from stack in
# LIFO order
print('\nElements popped from the stack')
print(stack.get())
print(stack.get())
print(stack.get())

print("\nEmpty: ", stack.empty())

Output
0
Full:  True
Size:  3

Elements popped from the stack
c
b
a

Empty:  True

Implementation using a singly linked list:

The linked list has two methods addHead(item) and removeHead() that run in constant time. These two methods are suitable to implement a stack. 

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

# Python program to demonstrate
# stack implementation using a linked list.
# node class

class Node:
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
        self.next = None

class Stack:

    # Initializing a stack.
    # Use a dummy node, which is
    # easier for handling edge cases.
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = Node("head")
        self.size = 0

    # String representation of the stack
    def __str__(self):
        cur = self.head.next
        out = ""
        while cur:
            out += str(cur.value) + "->"
            cur = cur.next
        return out[:-2]

    # Get the current size of the stack
    def getSize(self):
        return self.size

    # Check if the stack is empty
    def isEmpty(self):
        return self.size == 0

    # Get the top item of the stack
    def peek(self):

        # Sanitary check to see if we
        # are peeking an empty stack.
        if self.isEmpty():
            return None

        return self.head.next.value

    # Push a value into the stack.
    def push(self, value):
        node = Node(value)
        node.next = self.head.next # Make the new node point to the current head
        self.head.next = node #!!! # Update the head to be the new node
        self.size += 1


    # Remove a value from the stack and return.
    def pop(self):
        if self.isEmpty():
            raise Exception("Popping from an empty stack")
        remove = self.head.next
        self.head.next = remove.next #!!! changed
        self.size -= 1
        return remove.value


# Driver Code
if __name__ == "__main__":
    stack = Stack()
    for i in range(1, 11):
        stack.push(i)
    print(f"Stack: {stack}")

    for _ in range(1, 6):
        top_value = stack.pop()
        print(f"Pop: {top_value}") # variable name changed
    print(f"Stack: {stack}")

Output

Stack: 10->9->8->7->6->5->4->3->2->1
Pop: 10
Pop: 9
Pop: 8
Pop: 7
Pop: 6
Stack: 5->4->3->2->1

Advantages of Stack:

Drawbacks of Stack:


 

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