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Compiler Design Tutorial

Last Updated : 12 Jun, 2024
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A compiler is software that translates or converts a program written in a high-level language (Source Language) into a low-level language (Machine Language). Compiler design is the process of developing a program or software that converts human-written code into machine code. It involves many stages like lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation, optimization, etc. The Key objective of compiler design is to automate the translation process, the correctness of output, and reporting errors in source code. The compiler is used by programming languages such as C, C++, C#, Java, etc.

In this compiler design tutorial, all the basic to advanced topics are included like lexical analysis, code generation, and optimization, runtime environment, etc.

Why do we learn compiler design?

A computer is a logical assembly of software and hardware. The hardware understands a language that is hard for humans to understand. So, we write programs in a high-level language, that is less complex for humans to understand and maintain in thoughts. Now, a series of transformations have been applied to high-level language programs to convert them into machine language.

Table of Content

Introduction :

  1. Introduction of Compiler design
  2. Compiler construction tools
  3. Phases of a Compiler
  4. Symbol Table in Compiler
  5. C++ Program to implement Symbol Table
  6. Error detection and Recovery in Compiler
  7. Error Handling in Compiler Design
  8. Language Processors: Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter
  9. Generation of Programming Languages

Lexical Analysis :

  1. Lexical Analysis
  2. C program to detect tokens in a C program
  3. Flex (Fast Lexical Analyzer Generator )

>> Quiz on Lexical Analyses

Syntax Analysis :

  1. Introduction to Syntax Analyses
  2. Why FIRST and FOLLOW?
  3. FIRST Set in Syntax Analyses
  4. FOLLOW Set in Syntax Analyses
  5. Program to calculate First and Follow sets of given grammar
  6. Classification of Context Free Grammars(CFG)
  7. Ambiguous Grammar
  8. Parsing | Set 1 (Introduction, Ambiguity and Parsers)
  9. Classification of top down parsers
  10. Parsing | Set 2 (Bottom Up or Shift Reduce Parsers)
  11. Shift Reduce Parser in Compiler
  12. Parsing | Set 3 (SLR, CLR and LALR Parsers)
  13. Theory of Computation | Operator grammar and precedence parser

Syntax Directed Translation :

  1. Syntax Directed Translation
  2. S – attributed and L – attributed SDTs in Syntax directed translation

>> Quiz on Parsing and Syntax Directed Translation

Code Generation and Optimization :

  1. Code Optimization
  2. Intermediate Code Generation
  3. Issues in the design of a code generator
  4. Three address code in Compiler
  5. Compiler Design | Detection of a Loop in Three Address Code
  6. Introduction of Object Code
  7. Data flow analysis in Compiler

>> Quiz on Code Generation and Optimization

Runtime Environments :

  1. Static and Dynamic Scoping
  2. Compiler Design | Runtime Environments
  3. Compiler Design | Linker
  4. Loader in C/C++
  5. Developing a Linux based shell

FAQs on Compiler Design

Q.1 Write types of compilers?

Answer:

There are three types of compilers given below:

  1. Single-Pass Compilers
  2. Two-Pass Compilers
  3. Multi-pass Compilers

Q.2 Difference between compiler and assembler?

Answer:

COMPILER ASSEMBLER
Compiler converts the source code which is written by the programmer to machine level language. Assembler converts the assembly code into the machine code.
Compiler converts the whole code into machine code. Assembler converts the code one by one.
It takes less execution time in conversion compared to an assembler. It takes more time than a compiler.
Input is the source code in a high-level language. Assembly level code as an input.
Examples: C, C++, Java compilers, etc. Examples: GAS, GNU assemblers.

Q.3 Discuss the various phases of a compiler?

Answer:

The various phases of the compiler are given below:

  • Lexical Analyzer
  • Syntax Analyzer
  • Semantic Analyzer
  • Intermediate code generator
  • Code optimizer
  • Code generator

Q.4 What are assembler?

Answer:

Assembler is a program that interprets assembly language written software programs into machine language that is known to the computer.

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