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SQL Data Types

Last Updated : 24 May, 2024
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A column’s data type is essentially the type of data format that will be used to store the data in each cell; examples include any type of integer, character, money, date and time, binary, etc. We’ll acquire in-depth information about SQL Data Types in this tutorial.

SQL Data Types

An SQL developer must know what data type will be stored inside each column while creating a table. The data type guideline for SQL is to understand what type of data is expected inside each column and it also identifies how SQL will interact with the stored data.

For every database, data types are primarily classified into three categories.

  • Numeric Datatypes
  • Date and Time Datatypes
  • String Datatypes

Like in other programming languages, SQL also has certain datatypes available. A brief idea of all the datatypes is discussed below.

Numeric Data Types in MYSQL

Exact Numeric Datatype

There are nine subtypes which are given below in the table. The table contains the range of data in a particular type. 

Data Type

From 

To

BigInt

-263 (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808)

263 -1 (9,223,372,036,854,775,807)

Int

-231 (-2,147,483,648)

231-1 (2,147,483,647)

smallint

-215 (-32,768)

215-1 (32,767)

tinyint

0

28-1 (255)

bit

0

1

decimal

-1038+1

1038-1

numeric

-1038+1

1038-1

money 

-922,337,203,685,477.5808

922,337,203,685,477.5807

smallmoney

-214,748.3648

214,748.3647

Approximate Numeric Datatype

The subtypes of this datatype are given in the table with the range. 

Data Type From To

Float

-1.79E+308

1.79E+308

Real

-3.40E+38

3.40E+38

String Data Types in MYSQL

Character String Datatype

The subtypes are given in below table – 

Data Type Description

char

The maximum length of 8000 characters.(Fixed-Length non-Unicode Characters)

varchar

The maximum length of 8000 characters.(Variable-Length non-Unicode Characters)

varchar(max)

The maximum length of 231 characters(SQL Server 2005 only).(Variable Length non-Unicode data)

text

The maximum length of 2,127,483,647 characters(Variable Length non-Unicode data)

Unicode Character String Datatype

The details are given in below table – 

Data Type

Description

nchar

The maximum length of 4000 characters(Fixed-Length Unicode Characters)

Nvarchar

The maximum length of 4000 characters.(Variable-Length Unicode Characters)

nvarchar(max)

The maximum length of 231 characters(SQL Server 2005 only).(Variable Length Unicode data)

Server String Data Type in SQL

There are four subtypes of this datatype which are given below:

Datatypes

Description

Binary

The maximum length of 8000 bytes(Fixed-Length binary data)

varbinary

The maximum length of 8000 bytes(Variable Length binary data)

varbinary(max)

The maximum length of 231 bytes(SQL Server 2005 only).(Variable Length binary data)

text

Maximum Length of 2,147,483,647 bytes(Variable Length binary data)

Server Date and Time Data Type in SQL

The details are given in the below table.

Data Type Description

DATE

A data type is used to store the data of date in a record 

TIME

A data type is used to store the data of time in a record

DATETIME

A data type is used to store both the data,date, and time in the record.

Other Data Types

XML Datatype

XML data type allows storage of XML documents and fragments in a SQL Server database

DataType

Description

XML Datatype

A Datatype used to store data in the format of XML datatype

Spatial Dataype

A datatype is used for storing planar spatial data, such as points, lines, and polygons, in a database table.

DataType

Description

Geometry

A datatype is used for storing planar spatial data, such as points, lines, and polygons, in a database table.

Array Datatype

SQL Server does not have a built-in array datatype. However, it is possible to simulate arrays using tables or XML data types.

This text discusses the properties of data types in MYSQL.

SQL data types define the type of data that can be stored in a database column or variable. Here are the most common SQL data types:

Datatype

Properties

Numeric data types

These are used to store numeric values. Examples include INT, BIGINT, DECIMAL, and FLOAT.

Character data types

These are used to store character strings. Examples include CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT.

Date and time data types

These are used to store date and time values. Examples include DATE, TIME, and TIMESTAMP

Binary data types

These are used to store binary data, such as images or audio files. Examples include BLOB and BYTEA.

Boolean data type

This data type is used to store logical values. The only possible values are TRUE and FALSE.

Interval data types

These are used to store intervals of time. Examples include INTERVAL YEAR, INTERVAL MONTH, and INTERVAL DAY.

Array data types

These are used to store arrays of values. Examples include ARRAY and JSON.

XML data type

This data type is used to store XML data.

Spatial data types

These are used to store geometric or geographic data. Examples include POINT, LINE, and POLYGON.

Different databases may have different variations of these data types, or they may have additional data types not listed here. Understanding SQL data types are important for creating tables and working with data in a database, as it affects how data is stored and processed.



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